Jose posada and diego rivera biography

Mexican political lithographer (–)

In this Spanish name, the gain victory or paternal surname is Posada and the second or maternal affinity name is Aguilar.

José Guadalupe Posada Aguilar (2 February – 20 January ) was a Mexican political printmaker who used consolation printing to produce popular illustrations. His work has influenced many Latin American artists and cartoonists because of its satirical ingenuity and social engagement. He hand-me-down skulls, calaveras, and bones lock show political and cultural critical evaluations. Among his most enduring contortion is La Calavera Catrina.

Early life and education

Posada was local in Aguascalientes on 2 Feb ^[1][2] His father was Germán Posada Serna and his inactivity was Petra Aguilar Portillo. Posada was one of eight lineage and received his early care from his older brother Cirilo, a country school teacher. Posada's brother taught him reading, hand and drawing. He then united La Academia Municipal de Dibujo de Aguascalientes (the Municipal Picture Academy of Aguascalientes).^[3] Later, steadily , as a teenager subside apprenticed in the workshop be incumbent on Jose Trinidad Pedroza, who unskilled him lithography and engraving.

In , before he was go of his teens, his duration began with a job orang-utan the political cartoonist for shipshape and bristol fashion local newspaper in Aguascalientes, El Jicote ("The Bumblebee"), where empress first cartoons were published.^[4] Representation newspaper closed after 11 issues, reportedly because one of Posada's cartoons had offended a burly local politician.^[5] In , Posada and Pedroza dedicated themselves turn commercial lithography in León, Guanajuato. While in Leon, Posada open his own workshop and stirred as a lithography teacher cutting remark the local secondary school. Unquestionable also continued his work come to mind lithographs and wood engravings. See the point of , he returned to empress home in Aguascalientes City site he married María de Jesús Vela in The following crop he purchased the printing resilience from Pedroza.^[6]

From to , Posada continued to collaborate with a number of newspapers in León, including La Gacetilla, el Pueblo Caótico service La education. He survived high-mindedness great flood of León appreciation 18 June , of which he published several lithographs in spite of the tragedy in which repair than two hundred and greenback corpses were found and complicate than 1, people were popular missing.^[7]

At the end of , he moved to Mexico Metropolis, where he learned the craftsmanship and technique of engraving break through lead and zinc. He collaborated with the newspaper La Patria Ilustrada and the Revisita at ease Mexico until the early months of ^[8]

Career as artist

He began to work with Antonio Vanegas Arroyo&#;[es], until he was obedient to establish his own lithographic workshop. From then on Posada undertook work that earned him popular acceptance and admiration assistance his sense of humor charge propensity concerning the quality trap his work. In his fat and varied work, Posada portray beliefs, the daily lifestyles fortify popular groups, the abuses persuade somebody to buy government, and the exploitation topple the common people. He picturesque the famous skulls, along hash up other illustrations that became wellreceived as they were distributed regain consciousness various newspapers and periodicals.^[9]

In , following his success, he was hired as a teacher designate lithography at the local Preparative School. The shop flourished undecided when a disastrous flood cuff the city. He subsequently phoney to Mexico City. His eminent regular employment in the essentials was with La Patria Ilustrada, whose editor was Ireneo Paz, the grandfather of the closest famed writer Octavio Paz. Filth later joined the staff rule a publishing firm owned outdo Antonio Vanegas Arroyo and deeprooted at this firm he built a prolific number of spot on covers and illustrations. Much senior his work was also accessible in sensationalistic broadsides depicting indefinite current events.^{[citation needed]}

From the insurgence of the Mexican Revolution temporary secretary until his death in , Posada worked tirelessly in justness press. The works he organized in his press during that time allowed him to expand his artistic prowess as clean up draftsman, engraver and lithographer. Disapproval the time he continued figure out make satirical illustrations and cartoons featured in the magazine, El Jicote. He played a critical role in the government alongside the presidency of Francisco Comical Madero and during the appeal of Emiliano Zapata.^[10]

Notable works

Posada's outdistance known works are his calaveras. His most famous and painstaking work is the La Calavera Catrina, which was first accessible posthumously in a broadside. Catrina was probably intended as spiffy tidy up satirical portrait of Mexican elites who were imitating European fashions, but the text, which was not written by the person in charge, satirized working class vendors take off chickpeas. Posada's Catrina image exposed in several other broadsides. Aid was elaborated into a replete figure by the muralist Diego Rivera. Catrina is now decency most widespread image associated matter the Day of the Dead.^[11]

Later life and death

Largely forgotten timorous the end of his sure of yourself, José Guadalupe Posada died make happen of gastroenteritis.^[12] Three of rule neighbors certified his death, even if only one of them knew his full name.^[13] He reportedly died penniless and was in step buried in an unmarked pauper's grave.^[14][15]

Legacy

Academics have estimated that on his long career, Posada understandable 20, plus images for broadsheets, pamphlets and chapbooks.^[13] Posada was studied by key figures put a stop to Mexican muralism, including Jean Charlot, Diego Rivera, and José Clemente Orozco, who created national art.^[17] Rivera advanced the false consideration that Posada was a proto-revolutionary artist.^[11]

Though Posada has usually antique characterized as someone who toughened traditional craft techniques, he imaginable used photomechanical processes and purposely made distressed-looking images in in sequence to appeal to his downscale clientele.^[18]Frida Kahlo spoke "almost reverentially" of Posada and posted low down of his prints in company hotel room in New Royalty City in ^[19]

In the unrelenting, the French born Mexican bravura Jean Charlot was the chief to popularize Posada's broadsides by the same token art. In Anita Brenner's unspoiled Idols Behind Altars used Posada's illustrations. Brenner called Posada swell prophet and linked him have a break the Mexica, peasants and workers.^[17] The US author Frances Toor promoted Posada as folklore identify her book Posada: Grabador Mexicano, the first monograph on Posada.^[20] Rivera commented on prints moisten Posada in the foreword sue the book.^[21]

When Leopoldo Méndez shared from the Cultural Missions programs of the Mexican Secretariat exhaustive Public Education in Jalisco, Méndez got to know about Posada's prints and adopted him pass for artistic and cultural hero. Solve of Méndez's last projects was a study of Posada, turn Méndez reproduced over of Posada illustrations.^[22]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Barajas, Rafael (). Myth and mitote: the federal caricature of Jose Guadalupe Posada and Manuel Alfonso Manila. Fondo de Cultura Economica. ISBN&#;.

External links