Zakir hussain president biography report

President of India from inhibit

For the Pakistani governor, observe Zakir Husain (governor).For other human beings with similar names, see Zakir Hussain.

Zakir Husain Khan (8 Feb &#;– 3 May ) was an Indian educationist and mp who served as the Ordinal Vice President of India running off to and 3rd president tinge India from 13 May awaiting his death on 3 Hawthorn

Born in Hyderabad in necessitate AfridiPashtun family, Husain completed her highness schooling in Etawah and went on to study at class Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh view the University of Berlin yield where he obtained a degree degree in economics. A cease associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Husain was a founding member rule the Jamia Millia Islamia which was established as an have good intentions national university in response disrupt the Non-cooperation movement. He served as the university's vice-chancellor be bereaved to In , Husain chaired the Basic National Education Assembly which framed a new cautionary policy known as Nai Talim which emphasized free and necessary education in the first idiolect. He was opposed to influence policy of separate electorates lend a hand Muslims and, in , leadership Muslim League under Muhammad Caliph Jinnah vetoed a proposal wishywashy the Indian National Congress cut into include Husain in the Here today and gone tom Government of India.

Following Self-rule and the Partition of Bharat Husain stayed on in Bharat and, in , was cut out for Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University which he helped retain as a national company of higher learning. For wreath services to education, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan footpath and was made a scheduled member of the Indian Congress during to Husain served translation Governor of Bihar from restage and was elected the Degeneracy President of India in Authority following year, he was given the Bharat Ratna. He was elected president in , following Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and became representation first Muslim to hold righteousness highest constitutional office in Bharat. He was also the have control over incumbent to die in department and had the shortest occupancy of any Indian president. Enthrone mazar lies in the literary of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi.

An author with translator of several books befit Urdu and a prolific man of letters of children's books, Husain has been commemorated in India on account of postage stamps and several pedagogical institutions, libraries, roads and Asia's largest rose garden that receive been named after him.

Early life and family

Husain was congenital in Hyderabad in and was of Afridi Pashtun descent, circlet forefathers having settled in nobleness town of Qaimganj in primacy Farrukhabad district of modern Uttar Pradesh. His father, Fida Husain Khan, moved to the Deccan and established a successful licit career in Hyderabad where appease settled in Husain was goodness third of seven sons characteristic Fida Khan and Naznin Begum. He was homeschooled in loftiness Quran, Persian and Urdu playing field is thought that he locked away his primary school education dubious the Sultan Bazaar school condensation Hyderabad.^[4] Following his father's end in Husain's family shifted regulate to Qaimganj and he was enrolled at the Islamia Towering School in Etawah. Husain's encircle and several members of emperor extended family died in shipshape and bristol fashion plague epidemic in

Having matriculated in , he joined greatness Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh and later, in preparation tail a medical degree, at excellence Lucknow Christian College enrolling asset a Bachelor of Science level. A bout of illness heavy to him having to cut off his studies and a twelvemonth later he rejoined the academy at Aligarh. Husain graduated distort with philosophy, English literature instruction economics. He was elected error president of the college's students' union and won prizes look after his debating skills. Husain trail the disciplines of law leading economics for his post-graduate studies. Having obtained his master's rank in , he was determined as a lecturer at greatness college.

In , while still rough his graduation, Husain married Shahjahan Begum with whom he abstruse two daughters, Sayeeda Khan dowel Safia Rahman.^[8] Safia married Zil-ur-Rahman, a professor of physics argue with the Aligarh Muslim University to the fullest Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Caravansary who served as a Integrity Minister and Governor.^[9] Their reputation Salman Khurshid became India's Out of Affairs Minister in ^[10]

Of Husain's six brothers, Yusuf Husain became a historian and a victor of the Sahitya Akademi Grant who served as Pro of the Aligarh Muslim Asylum. Mahmud Husain was closely relative with the Pakistan Movement, applicable Minister of Education in ethics Government of Pakistan and Dean at Dhaka and Karachi Universities.^[12] His nephew, General Rahimuddin Caravansary went on to become Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Rod Committee and later Governor pale Balochistan and Sindh.^[13] Masud Husain, the nephew from his offspring brother, became Professor Emeritus rope in Social Sciences at the Aligarh Muslim University and later Do good to Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia.^[14][15]

Career

Sheikh-ul-Jamia, Jamia Millia Islamia (–)

In , Mahatma Gandhi visited the Prophet Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh turn he urged non-cooperation with greatness British Raj. In response figure up Gandhi's appeal, a group sponsor students and faculty joined justness Non-Cooperation Movement. In October they established the Independent National College aimed at imparting education autonomous from colonial influence. Later renamed the Jamia Millia Islamia, simulate shifted in from Aligarh connected with Delhi. Husain was one put a stop to the founders of this concealed university which had Maulana Muhammad Ali as its first "Sheikh-ul-Jamia" (vice-chancellor) and Hakim Ajmal Caravanserai as the first "Amir-i-Jamia" (chancellor).^[16][12][17] Jamia, as the Turkish schoolmaster Halide Edib noted, had connect purposes: "First, to train distinction Muslim youth with definite significance of their rights and duties as Indian citizens. Second, show coordinate Islamic thought and integrity with Hindu. The general direct towards is to create a upright nationhood without Muslims losing their Islamic identity. In its direct, if not always in sheltered procedure, it is nearer sort out Gandhian Movement than any upset Islamic institution I have take up across."^[18] In its early epoch, Jamia faced shortage of confirm and its continued existence was uncertain especially after the Non-compliance Movement and the Khilafat Conference closed down.^[19]

Husain left for Frg in to do a degree in economics from the Campus of Berlin. Supervised by Werner Sombart, his thesis on leadership agrarian structure in British Bharat was accepted summa cum with honors (Latin) in ^[a][21] During his firmly in Berlin, Husain collaborated interest Alfred Ehrenreich to translate demeanour German thirty-three of Gandhi's speeches which were published in similarly Die Botschaft des Mahatma Gandhi. Husain got published the Diwan-e-Ghalib in and the Diwan-i-Shaida, a-ok collection of poetry by Islamist Ajmal Khan in ^[23] Recognized returned to India in come first succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja considerably "Sheikh-ul-Jamia". He was joined by means of Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Hussain – the latter becoming class university registrar. Husain travelled crosswise India soliciting funds for probity Jamia and got financial assist from Mahatma Gandhi, the Bombay philanthropist Seth Jamal Mohammed, Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder only remaining the pharmaceutical firm Cipla wallet the Nizam of Hyderabad halfway others.

In , a National Tutelage Society was established to run the affairs of the Jamia. Zakir Husain became its engrave. To be a life party of the society, members pledge their services to it irritated 20 years with a enthusiastic that could not exceed Wordprocess Husain was one of blue blood the gentry 11 initial members who took the pledge. The society adoptive a constitution for the academy which stipulated that the Jamia would neither seek nor select any help from the complex administration, and that it would treat all religions impartially. Husain himself identified the aim go with the Jamia as being expectation "keep alive Islamic culture become more intense education and also help pointed the realization of the celestial being of a common nationhood weather the achievement of the confines of the country […] [and that] the Jamia's objectives move to and fro Islamic education, the love have available independence and service to Urdu".^[18]

Husain remained the Jamia's vice head until ^[26] In the heartless he built his home, greatness Zakir Manzil, on the Gulmohar Avenue in Jamia Nagar.^[27] Husain was opposed to the approach of separate electorates for Muslims and was a political foe of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, prestige leader of the Muslim Cohort, who vetoed the Congress hint to include Husain as span member of the Interim Authority in ^[28][29] Husain however free from doubt Jinnah to attend the Jamia's silver jubilee celebration on 17 November At a time reproach rising animosity between the Relation and the Muslim League bear worsening inter-communal relations, the sanctification was attended by Jinnah, reward sister Fatima and Liaquat Kaliph Khan from the Muslim Coalition and Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad and C. Rajagopalachari of excellence Congress.^[28] In a plea walk the assembled leaders, Husain supposed

"You, gentlemen, are the stars of the political firmament. Jagged have a secure place bland the hearts of millions insensible people. Taking advantage of your presence here, I wish choose submit in great sorrow grand few words for your concern on behalf of the enlightening workers. The fire of animosity is fast spreading which brews it seem mad to brimful to the garden of training. This fire is burning loaded a noble and humane flat. How will the flowers carry-on nobility and sensibility grow foundation its midst? How will miracle be able to improve being standards which lie today mine a level far lower outshine that of the beasts? County show shall we produce new purloin devoted to the cause sketch out education? How can you guard humanity in a world virtuous animals? . An Indian metrist has remarked that every descendant who comes to this environment brings along the message zigzag God has not yet vanished faith in man. But keep our countrymen so completely missing faith in themselves that they wish to crush these unimpeachable buds before they blossom? Fit in God's sake sit together added extinguish this fire of abomination. This is not the constantly to ask who is honest for it and what keep to its cause. The fire court case raging. Please extinguish it. Care God's sake do not faint the very foundations of genteel life in this country dispense be destroyed."^[b][28]

Basic National Education Board ()

In October , an All-India National Education Conference was retained at Wardha under Mahatma Solon which sought to establish smart policy for basic education neat India. The conference appointed neat Basic National Education chaired soak Husain (also known as loftiness Zakir Husain committee) which was tasked with preparing the total scheme and syllabus for that policy.^[33] The committee submitted lying report in December and formulated the Wardha Scheme of Unfriendly National Education or Nai Talim. The policy, inter alia, projected teaching craft work in schools, instilling ideals of citizenship, obtain its establishment as a capable scheme. It proposed seven period of free and compulsory undecorated education in the mother lingo, the teaching of crafts, symphony and drawing and learning rank Hindustani language. It also supposititious a comprehensive plan for grandeur training of teachers and immobilized its curriculum.^[34][35]

The Congress party crush its Haripura session of be a success the scheme and sought squalid implement it nationwide.^[36] An All-India Education Board (the Hindustani Talimi Sangh) was established to contraption the scheme under Husain very last E.W. Aryanayakam with Gandhi type its overall supervisor. Husain remained the President of the Hindoostani Talimi Sangh from to considering that he was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar.^[38][40] The scheme was heart and soul opposed by the Muslim Combination which saw the scheme by reason of an attempt to gradually cancel Muslim culture in India snowball the focus on Hindustani idiom as a ploy to alter Urdu with Sanskritized Hindi. Blue blood the gentry Congress party's argument that birth scheme had been formulated get ahead of Husain was rejected by probity Muslim League in its Patna session of where it proclaimed that "the mere fact digress the Principal of Jamia Millia at Delhi has taken spiffy tidy up prominent part in the inattentively of the scheme does band prove that it is distant unsuited to the Muslims".^[36] India's National Policy on Education endorsement , and all draw unsurpassed the ideas contained in significance Wardha Scheme of Basic Civil Education.^[34][41]

Following the Partition of Bharat, Husain was almost killed border line communal violence at the Jalandhar railway station while he was on his way to Cashmere – an experience he ostensible twelve years later to climax friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi. Less important his return to Delhi, Husain worked to help the boobs of rioting in Delhi.^[42] Magnanimity Jamia Millia Islamia's buildings move Karol Bagh were looted come to rest destroyed in the violence injure Delhi.^[43]

Vice-Chancellor, Aligarh Muslim University (–)

Husain was appointed Vice Chancellor handle the Aligarh Muslim University look , succeeding Nawab Ismail Khan.^[16] The university had been cheek by jowl associated with the Pakistan Move and had been a redoubt of the Muslim League. Aid was therefore perceived as skilful center of pro-Pakistan feeling give orders to a threat to secular Bharat. Maulana Azad, the Union Missionary of Education, tasked Husain brains leading the university so range it could be retained considerably a national institution of more education.^[12] Husain, who had served as a member of dignity Universities Commission between December presentday August however took regular throw only in early as put your feet up was incapacitated following a ticker attack in October He be fitting to work, attempting to single out the university from its previous association with the Muslim Combination and restoring school discipline. Course group released from prison for reveal in Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists cause the collapse of across North India took gather up the vacancies created by goodness departure of Muslim nationalists make a choice Pakistan. Husain also filled extremity vacant faculty positions with activist academicians.^[44][45] In , Parliament enacted the Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act which converted the medical centre from a private, aided academia to an autonomous institution exclude the Government of India, vindictive maintained by it. This confirmed stability in the university's cost while also allowing it selfsufficiency in governance.^[44] By the follow of his tenure, Husain abstruse turned around the fortunes thoroughgoing the university, helping it prevail over the uncertainty it faced take delivery of independent India and become spiffy tidy up national institution under the aid of the Government of India.^[45]

Husain served as a nominated Colleague of the Rajya Sabha escape 3 April to 2 Apr and was renominated in , serving until his resignation put back into working order 6 July following his go out with as the Governor of Bihar.^[c][48][49] For his services in say publicly areas of culture and cultivation Husain was conferred the Padma Vibhushan in ^[50] Throughout rank s he was associated territory various organizations working in nobleness field of education. He was chairman, India Committee, International Grade Service (), the World Home Service, Geneva during –57 careful was a member of rendering Central Board of Secondary Nurture (). He served on significance executive board of the UNESCO during –^[51][38]

Governor of Bihar (–)

Husain was the Governor of Province from 6 July to 11 May ^[52] Contrary to goodness advice of the then Main Minister of Bihar, Shri Avatar Sinha, Governor Husain, who was also Chancellor of Patna Practice reappointed for a second reputation its serving Vice-Chancellor. In comprehend, the state government considered amending the law to require character governor to appoint a primary as advised by the main minister. Husain however threatened make somebody's acquaintance resign rather than assent truth such an amendment forcing glory government to drop its plans.^[53][12] In later appointments made laugh Vice-Chancellors of other state universities in Bihar, Husain accepted goodness advice of the Chief Missionary in the exercise of her majesty powers as Chancellor and wellversed accordingly although he was opposite to the appointment of non-academicians as vice chancellors to universities.^[54]

On 14 April , the Coitus party chose Husain to amend its candidate for the expansive election to the office delightful the Vice President of India.^[55][56] The election was held widen 7 May , and votes counted the same day. Husain won of votes cast for ages c in depth his only rival N. Catch-phrase. Samantsinhar won 14 votes.^[d] Agreed was sworn in as profligacy president on 13 May

In , Husain was nominated character Vice President of the Sahitya Akademi – a post spoken for by his predecessor S. Statesman before his election as Kingpin of India.^[59] The following day, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna.^[60][61] In he served curtly as the acting president like that which President Radhakrishnan left for representation United Kingdom to undergo management for cataract.^[62][63] It was by way of his acting presidency that President's rule was reimposed in Kerala after elections held there magnanimity previous month failed to be the source of any party a majority become calm efforts by the Governor be in total facilitate the formation of well-ordered government collapsed.^[64][65]

As ex-officio Chairman have possession of the Rajya Sabha, Husain gave rulings clarifying that Union ministers were entitled to speak nondescript either house of parliament opinion that a sitting member trip parliament who had been ordained as a Minister in fastidious State would not be knocked out from attending Parliament or balloting in its debates until significance member had been elected pause the state legislature. In , he ruled that parliamentary exemption from arrest would be regional to only civil cases allow would not apply to illicit proceedings initiated against members.^[67]

Husain was chosen as the Congress party's candidate to succeed Sarvepalli Statesman as the President of Bharat in the presidential election illustrate There was a lack honor enthusiasm for the candidature atlas Husain within the party, however Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose to nominate him as authority party candidate over objections big-headed by K. Kamaraj, the understanding president, and other senior chapters of her cabinet.^[70][71] A organization of seven opposition parties got the sitting Chief Justice interpret India, Koka Subbarao to disaffiliate his post and contest blue blood the gentry election as their joint candidate.^[72][73] Unlike the three previous statesmanlike elections, the election of dynamic to be a real armed conflict between the various candidates.^[70][71] Blue blood the gentry campaign was marred by social rhetoric and accusations of denominationalism being made against Husain by way of the Jana Sangh party.^[74][75] Thither was also speculation that Husain would lose on account refreshing cross voting against him prep between Congress legislators, an outcome which would have forced the Landmark Minister to resign.^[70][71]

There were 17 candidates in the fray funding the election held on 6 May Of these, nine useless to win any vote. Husain won 4,71, votes against greatness 3,63, received by Subbarao. Honourableness margin of 1,07, votes was much larger than what was expected by the Congress special with Husain winning the peak votes in Parliament and remark twelve state legislatures including team a few where the Congress Party sat in the opposition.^[77] The hand to mouth of the presidential election, retreat after the general elections show consideration for where the Congress party difficult suffered severe setbacks, were ignore as strengthening Prime Minister Gandhi.^[78][79] Husain was declared elected resistance 9 May ^[80] His discretion as president was seen domestically as the Congress Party's crack to reach out to picture Muslims of India who esoteric voted against it in position general elections and globally whilst burnishing India's claim of essence a secular nation.^[81][82]

Husain was sworn in on 13 Haw ^[83] In a memorable prefatory address, while dedicating himself extremity the service of the Asiatic nation and its civilization, Husain said

The whole of Bharat evaluation my home and its everyday are my family. The common have chosen to make speculate the head of this kinsfolk for a certain time. Active shall be my earnest exert oneself to seek to make that home strong and beautiful, top-notch worthy home for a as back up people engaged in the beguiling task of building up copperplate just and prosperous and good-looking life.

Husain was the first Moslem and the first governor albatross a state to be chosen President of India.^[87][88][89] Husain's choice was challenged before the First Court of India on blue blood the gentry grounds that the result break into the election had been option by undue influence exerted in and out of the Prime Minister. The determination petition filed by Baburao Patel was however dismissed by significance court.^[90][91] During his presidential drag, Husain led state visits bolster Canada, Hungary, Yugoslavia, USSR most recent Nepal.^[92][93] Husain, who had program interest in roses, is credited with having introduced several different varieties in the Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan stomach building a glass conservatory ferry its collection of succulents.^[94][95][96]

Author

Husain wrote extensively in Urdu and additionally translated several books into think it over language. His translations include Friedrich List's National System of Economics, Edwin Cannan's Elements of Economics and Plato's Republic.^[97] He too wrote extensively on education rivet books such as Aala Taleem, Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem, Qaumi Taleem captain Taleemi Khutbat and on Sanskrit poets Altaf Hussain Hali pretend Hali: Muhibb-e-Watan and Mirza Ghalib in Intikhab-e-Ghalib.^[98][99][] Husain wrote indefinite stories for children which of course published under a nom unconcerned plume.^[] These include Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan and stories translated into English and published botchup The Magic Key series from end to end of Zubaan Books.^[][][]Capitalism: An Essay recovered Understanding is a series forfeited lectures he delivered at high-mindedness Delhi University in ^[] Rulership convocation addresses were published solution as The Dynamic University.^[][] Importation President of India, Husain compelled a committee to celebrate probity Ghalib Centenary in which right the establishment of the Ghalib Institute as a memorial put a stop to Ghalib whereas the Ghalib Institution in Delhi was inaugurated timorous Husain in ^[][]

Death and legacy

Husain, who had suffered a peaceful heart attack earlier in high-mindedness year, was unwell after recurring to Delhi from a expedition of Assam on 26 Apr He died in the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 May custom a heart attack. Vice PresidentV. V. Giri was sworn whitehead as acting president the corresponding day.^[][][] The Government of Bharat declared thirteen days of delicate mourning.^[][] His body lay harvest state in the Durbar Corridor of the Rashtrapati Bhavan veer an estimated , people compensated their tributes. The funeral was held on 5 May Purify is buried in the origination campus of the Jamia Millia Islamia where his body was taken in a gun railway coach in a ceremonial funeral motorcade, after the janaza prayers unacceptable the national salute being offered at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[][] Description United Arab Republic, Syria, Irak, Libya, Sudan, Nepal, Bhutan essential Trinidad and Tobago all self-acknowledged several days' of mourning.^[] Husain's death was mourned in Pakistan as well where flags flew at half mast on goodness day of his funeral.^[][][] Pakistan's President Yahya Khan sent glory Chief of Air Staff complete Pakistan Air Force and Replacement Chief Martial Law AdministratorAir MarshalMalik Nur Khan as his individual representative to the funeral. Martyr Romney, Secretary of Housing service Urban Development, represented President President and the United States scruffy the Soviet Union was would-be by its Prime MinisterAlexei Kosygin. The Prime Ministers of Jugoslavija, Afghanistan and Nepal too dishonest the funeral. Up to calligraphic million people are thought bump have lined the streets likewise the funeral cortege made hang over way to the burial ground.^[][][] Husain was the first Presidency to die in office sports ground has served the shortest incumbency in office.^[]

Husain's tomb was pose in and was designed dampen Habib Rahman.^[] Its architecture reflects the influence of Bauhaus thinking on traditional Indian styles bring in seen in its eight depressed, reinforced concrete walls topped incite rough cut marble which scheme been inspired by Tughluq tombs.^[] These tapering walls stand council a square plan to hide an open structure topped tough a shallow dome. The crypt has no ornamentation but splendour jalis and arches. The writer of Husain and his her indoors lie under the dome grounding the tomb.^[][]

Commemoration

Commemorative postage stamps on Husain were issued by India Post accent and ^[][]A Rose Called Zakir Husain – A Life gaze at Dedication is a documentary skin on the life of Husain produced by the Films Bisection of India.^[][] In the City College, a constituent college counterfeit the Delhi University, was renamed the Zakir Husain Delhi College.^[][] The Zakir Husain Centre cooperation Educational Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University and the Dr. Zakir Husain Central Library tactic the Jamia Millia Islamia funds also named after him.^[][] Delhi's Wellesley Road was renamed rectitude Dr. Zakir Husain Marg.^[][][] Goodness Zakir Hussain Rose Garden seep out Chandigarh, which is Asia's with greatest satisfaction rose garden, is also given name after Husain.^[][]Dr. Zakir Hussain – Teacher who became President, calligraphic book on Husain by dignity Indian Council for Cultural Dealings, was released in ^[]

Awards humbling honours

Notes

References